{"id":14022,"date":"2026-05-06T15:23:54","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T15:23:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/viqtor.eu\/services-cloud-quels-criteres-pour-quel-choix\/"},"modified":"2026-05-06T15:23:54","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T15:23:54","slug":"services-cloud-quels-criteres-pour-quel-choix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/viqtor.eu\/en\/cloud-services-what-criteria-for-which-choice\/","title":{"rendered":"Cloud services: what criteria for which choice?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Legal Watch No. 73 \u2013 July 2024. <\/strong> <\/p>\n

Cloud services: what criteria for which choice?<\/u><\/strong> <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Since the Covid pandemic, there has been a growing use of cloud services in both the public and private sectors.<\/p>\n

Although the European framework in this area is becoming clearer, many uncertainties remain today.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Should we choose a French, European cloud that meets the requirements of a sovereign cloud?<\/li>\n
  • What are the risks of entrusting the management of one's data to the GAFAM companies?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    While there is no legal definition of sovereign cloud, it is generally considered that it must ensure sovereignty at three fundamental levels:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • The data,<\/li>\n
    • The operations,<\/li>\n
    • The infrastructure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      The cloud must therefore present a high level of requirements in terms of digital security and data protection, from a technical, operational and legal point of view, and more specifically an exclusive competence on the national territory.<\/p>\n

      Therefore, be wary of claims of a "sovereign European cloud" made by non-European companies.<\/p>\n

      France stands out within the European Union due to its particularly stringent requirements. <\/strong>especially since the implementation of the SecNumCloud framework and the adoption on May 21 of the SREN law aimed at securing and regulating the digital space.<\/p>\n

      This law requires state administrations and their operators using a cloud service provided by a private provider to implement specific security and protection criteria for the operation of computer systems processing data of particular sensitivity.<\/p>\n

      The aim is to prevent any unauthorized access to data by public authorities of third-party states.<\/p>\n

      This is particularly relevant given the Cloud Act, which empowers US security services to access data held by companies located outside their territory without prior authorization.<\/p>\n

      These obligations are in line with the spirit of the "cloud at the center" doctrine developed by the French State for its administrations.<\/p>\n

      Although they are not mandatory for the private sector, they remain useful as recommendations, particularly when the processing of sensitive data is involved, for example in the field of health or research.<\/p>\n

      What about the development of cloud services elsewhere in Europe? <\/strong><\/p>\n

      There are many quality services available, for example in Germany and Switzerland.<\/p>\n

      However, it seems that the notion of sovereign cloud is often interpreted more broadly than in the French context: the German model defines as sovereign any cloud located on the territory of the EU marketed by a European company, with employees who are EU citizens and specific security requirements regarding access to data, even if the cloud service is in practice offered by a subsidiary of an American company, for example.<\/p>\n

      This is the direction that the European Union Cloud Services Certification (EUCS) project is currently taking.<\/p>\n

      In its latest version dating from March, this project "no longer allows providers to demonstrate that they protect stored data against any access by a foreign power, unlike the SecNumCloud qualification in France."<\/p>\n

      It is in these terms that the CNIL warns the new European Commission headed by Ursula Von Der Leyen, involved in the decision-making process concerning the EUCS.<\/p>\n

      Among the reasons put forward to justify the removal of sovereignty requirements from the project are the possible accusations of protectionism by the United States or China.<\/p>\n

      The CNIL, for its part, deplores, in addition to the risks of breach of personal data, the impact of this downward revision of European requirements on the stimulation of the European cloud supply.<\/p>\n

      Given the current uncertainty on the European front, the SecNumCloud framework is a useful reference, particularly for the processing of sensitive or strategic data. <\/p>\n

      The ANSSI website publishes the list of cloud services qualified as "SecNumCloud": it contains, updated on July 17, a list of 14 cloud services meeting the qualification requirements, and eight others in the process of qualification.<\/p>\n

      Regardless of the SecNumCloud framework, other European cloud services remain attractive compared to their international competitors, given the current legal context.<\/p>\n

      While the level of data protection in the United States is currently considered adequate, it is worth remembering that the first two EU-EU agreements were annulled by the European Court of Justice and that Max Schrems, who initiated the first two actions, intends to subject the "data privacy framework" to the same fate.<\/p>\n

       <\/strong><\/h4>\n

      \"\"<\/strong>         <\/h4>\n

      In his conclusions of July 11, the Advocate General of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled on the need to process data relating to sex (\u201cMr. or Mrs.\u201d) for the provision of the SNCF train service. <\/strong><\/p>\n

      Since the collection of this data is mandatory on SNCF forms, the Council of State, seized by the Mousse association, had asked the CJEU whether this collection could be based on Article 6.1.a (consent) or 6.1.b (necessary for the performance of a contract) of the GDPR.<\/p>\n

      According to the General Assembly, such treatment is not necessary for the provision of the service, since there is no question in this case of separate carriages for men or women, and the SNCF has acknowledged that it does not systematically use this information in its communication with its customers.<\/p>\n

      The AG notably recalls the application of the principle of minimization, and mentions the "Bundeskartellamt" ruling, in which the Court declared that "for the processing of personal data to be considered necessary for the performance of a contract, (...) it must be objectively indispensable to a purpose which forms an integral part of the contractual obligation to which the data subject is subject.<\/p>\n

      The data controller must therefore be able to demonstrate how the main purpose of the contract cannot be achieved if the processing in question does not take place.<\/p>\n

      The General Assembly concludes that the user's gender is not necessary in this particular case.<\/p>\n

      The Federation of Trusted Third Parties in the digital sector has published a "Guide to good practices for digital journeys and consent". <\/strong><\/p>\n

      In the regulatory context of digital signatures, the objective is "to ensure that the aggregation of all components in an extended chain of trust throughout the process provides the necessary evidence to demonstrate the consistency and reliability of the process a posteriori."<\/p>\n

      On June 21, the Council of State partially annulled a 2021 decree relating to the use of drones by law enforcement.<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

      The Council of State considered that certain provisions of this decree disproportionately infringed upon the right to respect for private life and the freedom of assembly.<\/p>\n

      The use of drones to film demonstrations can only be authorized if public order disturbances are likely to occur and if the recorded images are strictly necessary to prevent such disturbances or prosecute those responsible.<\/p>\n

      In addition, people being filmed must be adequately informed about the use of drones and their data protection rights (via the AFCDP).<\/p>\n

      The Council of State has confirmed the right of gamete donors to object, under Article 21 of the GDPR, to the transfer of their personal data from the organization where they made their donation to a central donor registry.<\/p>\n

       <\/strong><\/h4>\n

      \"\"<\/strong><\/h4>\n

      European institutions and bodies <\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

      A dispute is currently taking place between the European Commission and the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) regarding the use of Microsoft Office 365.<\/p>\n

      The Commission indeed launched legal action in mid-May to challenge the findings of an EDPS investigation into its use of these services.<\/p>\n

      The EDPS particularly criticizes the Commission for not having provided guarantees regarding the transfer of data to the United States. <\/p>\n

      In its contract with Microsoft, the Commission also allegedly failed to sufficiently specify the types of personal data collected and the purposes of the processing, in violation of the EU GDPR.<\/p>\n

      The EDPS urged the Commission to suspend the transfers in question and to comply with the law by December 9. The Commission's conclusions were published in mid-July in the Official Journal of the EU.<\/p>\n

      On July 12, the European Commission sent its preliminary findings to X (formerly Twitter) regarding compliance with the European Digital Services Regulation (DSA).<\/p>\n

      The procedure opened in December 2023 specifically targets "dark patterns", advertising transparency and access to data for researchers.<\/p>\n

      Elon Musk has already announced that he will challenge the Commission's findings in court.<\/p>\n

      At its mid-July plenary session, the EDPB adopted a declaration on the role of data protection authorities (DPAs) in the context of the Artificial Intelligence Regulation.<\/p>\n

      The regulation stipulates that Member States shall designate national \u201cmarket surveillance authorities\u201d by 2 August 2025, with the aim of overseeing its application and implementation.<\/p>\n

      According to the EDPB, DPAs already have experience regarding the impact of AI on fundamental rights and should therefore be designated as market surveillance authorities, thereby ensuring better coordination between different regulatory authorities and greater legal certainty for all stakeholders.<\/p>\n

      It should be noted that the AI regulation, which was published on July 12 in the Official Journal of the EU, entered into force on August 1.<\/p>\n

      The EDPB also adopted two documents (FAQs) concerning the European Union \u2013 United States agreement for the protection of personal data, in order to provide more details on how it works.<\/p>\n

      These documents are intended for individuals on the one hand and for businesses on the other.<\/p>\n

      On July 11, the CJEU took a position in a case opposing the company Meta to a German federation of consumer organizations.<\/p>\n

      The Court recalled that the controller's obligation to provide information to data subjects is the corollary of those persons' right to information under Articles 12 and 13 of the GDPR, and is therefore one of the rights that can be asserted by a representative action in accordance with Article 80(2) of the GDPR.<\/p>\n

      The Court also noted that the breach of information obligations may prevent the data subject from giving "informed" consent and, consequently, may render the processing unlawful under Article 5(1)(a) of the Regulation (via GDPRhub).<\/p>\n

      Microsoft made headlines in a different context on July 19, when one of its subcontractors, Crowdstrike, distributed a faulty update to its Falcon Sensor security software.<\/p>\n

      Approximately 8.5 million Microsoft Windows computers using the software crashed and were unable to restart properly, in what has been described as "the biggest outage in the history of information technology."<\/p>\n

      From a legal perspective, the lack of data availability caused by such a failure constitutes a security breach requiring the adoption of measures under, in particular, the European NIS2 directive (which will be applicable from next October).<\/p>\n

      The European Data Protection Board (EDPB) considers that this is also a personal data breach within the meaning of the GDPR, Article 4(12) of the regulation including breaches resulting in the accidental or unlawful loss of data.<\/p>\n

      Depending on the consequences, this implies notification to the data protection authorities and the persons concerned.<\/p>\n

      This position is currently being debated, with some professionals considering that the unavailability of data does not constitute a loss within the meaning of the GDPR, while others cite the sometimes vital consequences of blocking access to data for the people concerned. <\/em><\/p>\n

       <\/h4>\n

      News from European member countries. <\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

      A German court has ruled that Google Ireland Limited, as the operator of the Google search engine, is responsible for displaying search results, regardless of the fact that the search results are provided by the US-based company Google LLC.<\/p>\n

      In Denmark, the data protection authority reprimanded the Ministry of Immigration and Integration for breaching the storage limitation principle by failing to comply with its own data retention policy.<\/p>\n

      In a decision dated June 27, the Spanish Administrative Disputes Chamber of the "Audiencia Nacional" ruled that the Spanish Data Protection Authority (APD) was competent to handle a complaint filed against the US-based company Clearview AI.<\/p>\n

      The Court relied on previous decisions of several data protection authorities, including those of the Italian authority, and that of the CNIL of 26 November 2021 in which it identified Clearview as falling within the scope of Article 3(2)(b) of the GDPR.<\/p>\n

      The CNIL had taken into consideration the search by the company Clearview for photos on the web, the URLs of these photos and their metadata, allowing it to identify and create a detailed profile of the people concerned and therefore to track the behavior of these people.<\/p>\n

      In Italy, the APD fined a data controller 30,000 euros after a data breach due to the use of an outdated CMS tool highly vulnerable to cyberattacks.<\/p>\n

      The Lithuanian Data Protection Authority (APD) has fined Vinted 2,385,276 euros, considering that its practices of "hidden exclusions" (consisting of excluding a user from the platform without informing them), as well as its failure to respond to requests for data deletion, were contrary to the principles of fairness and transparency.<\/p>\n

      In this particular case, the plaintiffs, who were from France and Poland, had contacted their respective authorities.<\/p>\n

      The complaints were relayed to the Lithuanian authority, which is the lead authority in this context given that Vinted's main establishment is in Lithuania.<\/p>\n

      In Luxembourg, a court upheld the \u20ac18,000 fine imposed by the APD on a data controller for failing to directly involve the group's DPO in data protection matters and for failing to provide him with sufficient resources.<\/p>\n

      The Dutch Data Protection Authority (APD) has fined Kruidvat.nl 600,000 euros for placing tracking cookies before obtaining users' consent.<\/p>\n

      The DPA also considered that a pre-ticked box to accept tracking cookies does not constitute freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous consent.<\/p>\n

       <\/h4>\n

      \"\"<\/strong><\/h4>\n

      On June 19, the UK Data Protection Authority (the ICO) published its decision regarding Snap's "My AI" application and compliance with the obligation to carry out a data protection impact assessment (DPIA).<\/p>\n

      The decision contains detailed comments on the ICO's expectations regarding the level of detail to be included in DPIAs in general and specific observations when it comes to general-purpose AI and AI concerning children.<\/p>\n

      Since British law underlying these provisions is still almost identical to that of the EU, these observations may be useful beyond the UK.<\/p>\n

      The ICO also issued a press release on July 30 stating that it had reprimanded the Electoral Commission for failing to protect its servers, which allowed hackers access to the personal information of approximately 40 million people.<\/p>\n

      In the United States, a bill on AI ("The Content Origin Protection and Integrity from Edited and Deepfaked Media Act (COPIED ACT)") has been introduced in the Senate to combat "deepfakes", increase AI transparency and give more power to content creators.<\/p>\n

      The US Senate passed the Kids Online Safety and Privacy Act at the end of July.<\/p>\n

      This bipartisan bill combines several bills concerning security, the protection of children's and adolescents' online privacy, and transparency in filtering related to the use of AI.<\/p>\n

      The text must now be approved by the House of Representatives.<\/p>\n

      In a statement dated July 23, the Federal Trade Commission indicated that it had ordered eight companies to provide it with information on products and services that use personal data, including finances and browsing history, to personalize pricing for individuals.<\/p>\n

      The orders are intended to help the FTC better understand the opaque marketplace of products offered by third-party intermediaries that use advanced algorithms as well as user data (location, demographics, credit and browsing or purchase history) to categorize individuals and target their prices.<\/p>\n

      While Google had begun to gradually eliminate third-party tracking cookies from Chrome via its "privacy sandbox" (a tracking system presented as privacy-friendly, but contested elsewhere), the company announced on July 22 that it was abandoning the project.<\/p>\n

      Instead of removing third-party cookies, Google would introduce "a new experience in Chrome that would allow users to make an informed choice that would apply to all of their web browsing," a choice that could be changed at any time.<\/p>\n

      The British ODA has indicated that it regrets the abandonment of the project.<\/p>\n

      Malawi's data protection law came into effect in July.<\/p>\n

      It will join the now long list of African countries with a law protecting personal data.<\/p>\n

      Furthermore, the African Observatory on Responsible AI published a document last March entitled "Governance of Responsible AI in Africa: Perspectives for Results-Based Regulation".<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Legal Watch No. 73 \u2013 July 2024. Cloud services: what criteria for which choice? Since the Covid pandemic, there has been a growing use of cloud services in both the public and private sectors. Although the European framework in this area is becoming clearer, many uncertainties remain. Should we choose [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14018,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14022","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veille-juridique"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nServices cloud : quels crit\u00e8res pour quel choix ? - Viqtor<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Services cloud : quels crit\u00e8res pour quel choix ? - Viqtor\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/viqtor.eu\/en\/cloud-services-what-criteria-for-which-choice\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Services cloud : quels crit\u00e8res pour quel choix ? 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